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LA   FOLIE   TRISTRAN 


AN  ANGLO-NORMAN   POEM 


EDITED    BY 

ALBERT   EUGENE   CURDY 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED   TO   THE   BOARD   OF   UNIVERSITY   STUDIES    OF 

THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  IN   CONFORMITY 

WITH  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  THE  DEGREE 

OF   DOCTOR   OF   PHILOSOPHY 

1902 


PART   I 


BALTIMORE: 

JOHN    MURPHY    COMPANY 

1903 


CONTENTS 


PAGE, 

Preface 5 

Description  of  the  Douce  Maiojscript 6 

The  Douce  Version  in  Literatoke. 10 

Synopsis , 13 

Tonic  VowEiiS , 16 

BiBIilOGRAPHY 33 

Abbreviations 38 

Table  of  Entire  Contents 39 

Life 40' 


133305 


Of  T«£ 
OF 


PREFACE. 


The  Douce  version  of  La  Folic  Tristran  was  suggested  to  me  as 
the  subject  for  a  dissertation  by  Professor  F.  M.  Warren,  of  Yale 
University,  during  the  course  of  his  lectures  on  the  Breton  Cycle 
at  The  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Maryland,  in  the 
spring  of  1900.  The  complete  dissertation  was  presented  to  the 
Board  of  University  Studies  of  The  Johns  Hopkins  University  in 
May,  1902,  and  was  accepted  by  them  in  fulfillment  of  the  require- 
ments of  the  university  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

The  pages  here  offered  represent  only  a  portion  of  the  work 
done,  the  scope  of  which  is  indicated  in  the  table  of  contents 
attached  to  this  extract  from  the  complete  dissertation. 

I  should  have  liked  to  present  at  this  time  the  entire  result  of 
my  study  of  the  manuscript  and  poem,  La  Folie  Tristran,  but  in 
the  time  at  my  disposal  I  have  not  been  able  to  complete  the  work 
as^  should  be  done  for  an  edition  ;  hence,  I  have  preferred  to  post- 
pone the  publication  of  the  entire  work  to  a  later  date,  when  I 
purpose  to  publish  an  edition  of  the  poem  which  I  hope  may  be 
complete  in  detail  and  accurate  in  treatment.  My  only  excuse  for 
presenting  these  few  pages  at  this  time  is  that  the  regulations  of 
The  Johns  Hopkins  University  demand  it.  1  have  thought  best 
to  include  here  only  the  chapters  on  the  Description  of  the  Douce 
Manuscript,  The  Douce  Manuscript  in  Literature,  and  Tonic 
Vowels.  There  are  probably  omissions .  in  the  second  chapter 
mentioned  which  should  be  supplied. 

The  name  of  the  hero  of  this  poem  occurs  in  various  forms  in 
the  poems  of  different  authors.  In  the  poem  treated  in  these 
pages,  Tristran  is  the  constant  form.  I  have  used  that  spelling 
always  when  mentioning  the  name  in  connection  with  this  poem. 
When  quoting,  or  when  making  use  of  the  name  in  connection 
with  other  monuments,  I  have  used  the  spellings  found  there. 

In  my  treatment  of  the  Phonology  and  Morphology  I  have 
observed  the  following  plan.     Under  each  heading,  as,  for  in- 

5 


6  La  Folie  Tristran. 

stance,  Free  E  (page  20),  I  have  placed  the  developments  in  the 
order  of  the  frequency  of  their  occurrence,  placing  first  under 
each  development  such  forms  as  are  supported  in  rime  or 
are  interesting  on  account  of  their  rime.  Unless  otherwise 
indicated  all  examples  of  a  development  are  given.  The  forms 
found  in  La  Folie  Tristran  are  stated  first,  then  citations  from 
other  texts  and  authors  are  given. 

All  Latin  or  German  words  or  letters  under  consideration  are 
in  capitals ;  all  French  words  or  letters  are  italicized. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Mr.  E.  M.  B. 
Nicholson,  M.  A.,  Librarian  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  who,  during 
my  stay  in  Oxford  in  the  summer  of  1901,  very  generously 
assisted  me  in  my  work  by  many  helpful  suggestions,  and  also  by 
personally  interesting  himself  in  the  examination  of  the  paleo- 
graphy of  the  manuscript  of  the  poem  here  under  consideration. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  DOUCE  MANUSCRIPT. 


The  poem,  La  Folie  Tristran,  is  found  in  a  single  manuscript 
now  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  at  Oxford.  It  bears  the  number 
Douce  d.  6.  The  manuscript  is  described  as  follows  by  Falconer 
Madan,  M.  A.,  Sub-Librarian  of  the  Bodleian  Library  ^ :  "  21981 
In  French,  on  parchment :  written  in  the  13  and  14  cent,  t 
10|x7J  in.,  46  leaves,  chiefly  in  double  columns.  1;  (fol.  1) 
Two  fragments  of  a  French  poetical  version  of  the  romance  of 
Tristram,  copied  successively  into  the  present  volume  in  the  13 
cent.  The  first  beg.  ^  Cui  pur  Tristran  es  cuer  se  dolt,'  after  a  leaf 
or  more  lost,  ends  at  the  middle  of  the  first  column  of  fol.  12''^ 
*Sun  esperit  aitant  rendit'  (1811  lines):  the  second  beg,  on  the 
next  column  ^  Tristran  surjurne  en  sun  pais '  ends  *  Mult  set  ben 
ke  il  herbigez '  (996  lines),  and  is  succeeded  immediately  in  the 
same  column  by  the  next  piece.     A  long  account  and  discussion  of 

^  A  Summary  Catalogue  of  Western  Manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford. 
Oxford,  at  the  Clarendon  Press,  1895.    Vol.  rv,  p.  622. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  7 

these  pieces  by  Douce  follow/  embodyiDg  the  opinions  of  others. 
The  first  fragment  seems  to  be  the  close  of  the  romance,  the  second  an 
episode  poem  from  an  earlier  part.  The  author  appears  to  be 
^  Thomas.'  The  greater  parts  of  these  fragments  are  unique,  and 
differ  in  orthography  and  perhaps  style  :  they  are  printed  in  full 
with  a  facsimile  of  the  first  19  lines  of  the  second  fragment,  by 
Francisque  Michel  (Tristran,  3  vols.,  Lond.  1835-9),  who  thinks 
the  second  piece  may  be  complete  in  itself. 

"2.  (fol.  19).  *Hic  incipit  Certamen  inter  Humilitatem  & 
Superbiam,'  in  French  verse  :  beg.  ^  Vus  ki  creez  en  damne  Deuz  ' 
^7ids  *■  Trestuz  pusum  alui  venir.     Amen.' 

"  3.  (fol.  20"").  A  short  legendary  account  of  the  True  Cross,  in 
French  prose  :  beg,  *  Qui  voudra  oir  e  saver  de  la  verraie  Croiz ' : 
after  which  is  a  short  Latin  piece  on  the  same  subject,  beg.  *  Crux 
Xpristi  conficiebatur.'  These  two  pieces  were  added  early  in  the 
14th  cent. 

"  Owned  in  the  loth  cent,  by  '  John  Fawne '  (fol.  22^).  The  ab- 
sence of  this  MS.  from  the  printed  catalogue  of  1840  is  explained 
by  Michel's  remarks  (ut  supra,  i.  Ivi)  ^  Ce  manuscrit  ....  par 
une  disposition  particuliere  de  son  ancien  possesseur  n'a  point  ^te 
l^ue  a  la  Btbliotheque  Bodlienne ' :  presumably  Douce's  executors 
forwarded  it  later  than  the  other  MSS. 

"  Now  MS.  Douce  d.  6." 

To  the  description  of  Mr.  Madan  should  be  added  the  follow- 
ing :  There  are  thirty-nine  lines  in  each  column  ruled  with  a 
plummet.  The  paragraph  initials  are  blue  and  red  alternating.  The 
initials  of  each  verse  are  separated  from  the  following  letters  by 
one  space  which  is  marked  by  perpendicular  ruling.  Some  of  the 
capitals  are  only  larger  forms  of  the  miniscules.  The  colored 
initials  are  plain,  and  are  without  adorning  tracery  or  ornamenta- 
tion. The  initials  beginning  the  verses  have  a  red  line  through 
them.  The  ink  is  dull  brown  with  a  slightly  reddish  tinge.  The 
ink  of  the  colored  initials  is  still  bright. 

The  poem  which  is  treated  in  this  dissertation  occupies  folios 
12^,  column  3,  to  19^^,  column  1,  line  20,  after  which  immediately 
follows  *  Hie  incipit,'  etc. 

^  After  the  last  page  of  the  manuscript. 


8  •  La  Folie  Triatran, 

Following  page  nineteen  are  several  pages  filled  with  notes  in 
the  handwriting  of  Mr.  Douce.  These  are  bound  in  with  the 
manuscript.  The  pages  of  the  manuscript  have  been  numbered, 
and  the  numbering  continues  on  the  pages  containing  Mr.  Donee's 
notes. 

The  notes  are  as  follows  :  ^  "  See  Mr.  Scott's  Tristran  xciii,  203. 
This  MS.  may  have  possibly  formed  part  of  an  album  belonging 
to  some  monastery ;  because  it  contains,  besides  the  two  poems  on 
Tristran  de  Leonnais,  a  long  metrical  dialogue  between  pride  and 
humility,  and  a  prose  disputation  on  the  cross.  Mons.  de  Trepan 
who  had  abridged  this  romance,  asserts  that  no  metrical  romance 
exists  on  this  subject.  It  is  evident  that  he  is  not  quite  correct  in 
this  assertion,  but  Mr.  Donee's  MS.  contains,  perhaps,  the  only 
remnant  of  the  labours  of  the  minstrels  on  this  popular  history. 
It  is  very  doubtful  whether  the  MS.  even  when  entire,  contained 
the  whole  story  of  Tristran,  because  it  is  not  likely  that  its  proprie- 
tors should  have  thought  it  worth  while  to  transcribe  the  adventure 
which  occupies  the  second  poem  after  having  written  so  circum- 
stantial an  account  of  his  hero's  death,  if  the  same  story  had  been 
told  in  other  words.  It  may  therefore  be  conjectured  that  he  had 
at  first  procured  only  the  concluding  part  of  the  romance,  and, 
that  having  afterwards  recovered  one  of  the  former  cantos,  he 
proceeded  to  copy  it  on  the  same  page  which  contained  the  termina- 
tion of  the  story. 

"  There  is  some  reason  to  believe  that  the  two  parts  were  composed 
by  different  hands,  because  the  orthography  is  different,  and  so  is, 
I  think,  the  style ;  that  of  the  second  being  concise  and  lively, 
while  that  of  the  former  is  diffuse  and  languid,  besides  which,  the 
residence  of  King  Mark  is  placed  in  London  in  the  first  poem,  and 
in  the  second  at  the  castle  of  Tintagel. 

"  Having  carefully  compared  the  language  of  both  with  that 
of  the  fabliaux  published  by  Barbazon,  I  cannot  believe  them 
to  be  much  more  modern  than  those  compositions,  because  the 
grammatical  construction  is  at  least  equally  simple,  and  many  of 
the  words  appear  to  be  even  nearer  to  the  original  Latin,  the  parent 

*  These  notes  are  partial  copies  of  remarks  in  Walter  Scott's  Sir  Tristrem,  but 
are  not  in  the  phraseology  of  the  edition  of  1804.  See  my  copy  of  Scott's  re- 
marks in  the  chapter  on  the  Douce  Manuscript  in  Literature,  page  10. 


La  Folie  Tristran.  9 

of  the  romance  dialects.  From  this  test  I  should  have  little  hesi- 
tation in  ascribing  them  to  the  twelfth  century  ;  but  the  author's 
mention  of  Thomas,  who  is  probably  the  person  noticed  by  Robert 
de  Brunne  is  extremely  embarrassing.  I  am  almost  inclined  to 
believe  that  the  Scotch  poet  must  have  flourished  at  an  earlier 
period  than  that  which  is  usually  assigned  to  him." 

Then  follows  a  synopsis  of  the  first  piece  with  which  we  are  not 
concerned  here,  after  which  is  a  remark  concerning  the  second 
piece,  the  one  containing  our  poem. 

"  The  second  fragment  is  much  more  entertaining.  It  contains 
only  a  single  adventure,  but  in  the  course  of  it  the  poet  has  con- 
trived to  recapitulate  nearly  all  the  principal  events  of  the 
romance." 

On  page  27  Mr.  Douce  continues :  "  Mr.  Scott  thinks  they  [the 
first  and  second  poems  in  the  manuscript]  were  by  the  author  of 
Perceval,  xlii.  I  cannot  perceive  any  foundation  for  this 
opinion.  Mons.  de  la  Rue  thinks  that  one  at  least  of  them  was 
written  by  Thomas  of  Erceldon  himself  in  barbarous  French. 
Letter  to  me  dated  Nov.,  1814.  I  am  much  inclined  to  this 
opinion  after  an  attentive  consideration  of  the  extract  in  which 
Thomas  is  named,  and  who  seems  to  speak  for  himself,  as  he  does 
in  my  French  MS.  of  the  roman  de  Horn." 

Following  these  remarks  are  statements  that  have  no  bearing 
on  La  Folie  Tristran,  so  I  pass  them  over. 

Nothing  is  known  regarding  the  early  history  of  the  manuscript. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  notes  which  Mr.  Douce  added  to  the 
manuscript  to  give  any  clue  to  its  history.  Mr.  Madan  in  his 
description  of  the  manuscript^  says:  '^  Owned  in  the  15th  cent,  by 
John  Fawne^  (fol.  22"").  The  absence  of  the  manuscript  from  the 
printed  catalogue  of  1840  is  explained  by  MichePs  remark  (ut 
supra  i.  Ivi),  *  Ce  manuscrit  ....  par  une  disposition  particuliere 
de  son  ancien  possesseur  u'a  point  ^te  legue  a  la  Biblioth^ue  Bod- 
lienne '  :  presumably  Douce's  executors  forwarded  it  later  than  the 
other  manuscripts." 

The  Douce  version  of  La  Folie  Tristran,  has,  so  far  as  I  know, 

10.  c,  p.  622. 

*The  name  John  Fawne,  together  with  some  rude  sketches,   appears   on 
fol.  22^^  of  the  manuscript. 

2 


10  La  Folie  Tristran, 

been  published  but  once.  In  1835  Francisque  Michel  published 
it  in  a  work  entitled  TristraUy  Recueil  de  ce  qui  reste  des  Poemes 
relatifs  d  ses  Aventures.  Londres,  3  volumes/  Selections  from 
the  poem  are  found  in  the  chrestomathies  of  K.  Bartsch^  and 
L.  Constans.^  Morf  gives  scattered  verses  in  his  article,  La  Folie 
Tristan  du  Manuscrit  de  Berne,^ 


THE  DOUCE  VERSION  IN  LITERATURE. 


The  first  mention  of  the  Douce  version  of  La  Folie  Tristran 
of  which  I  have  knowledge  is  found  in  1804  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott^s  edition  of  Sir  Tristrem,^  in  which  he  describes  the  manu- 
script as  follows  ^ :  "  This  curious  manuscript  seems  to  have 
formed  part  of  some  volume  belonging  to  a  monastery ;  because  it 
contains,  besides  two  detached  poems  of  the  story  of  Tristran 
PAmoureux,  a  long  metrical  dialogue  between  Pride  and  Hurnilityy 
and  a  prose  dissertation  on  the  cross.  It  is  written  on  vellum,  and 
consists  of  22  leaves.  The  handwriting  apparently  belongs  to  the 
13th  century.  The  first  of  the  two  parts  contains  a  regular  and 
circumstantial  relation  of  the  later  adventures  of  Sir  Tristrem,  and 
terminates  by  his  death,  and  by  that  of  Ysolt.  The  other,  a  com- 
plete and  separate  episode,  begins  at  the  second  column  of  the  same 
page  in  which  the  other  narrative  is  terminated,  and  contains  only 
a  single  adventure  ;  in  which,  however,  a  great  part  of  the  hero's 
history  is  artfully  recapitulated.  It  is  therefore  probable  that  it 
was  inserted  in  the  monastic  volume,  principally  on  account  of  its 
presenting  a  short  and  lively  summary  of  the  preceding  long  and 
perhaps  tedious  history.     Be  this  as  it  may,  the  two  fragments 

1  Vol.  II,  pp.  89-137. 

'5th  edition.     Cols.   103-112  contain  verses  665-996. 

3  Pp.  135-137  contain  verses  833-990.  *  Romania  xv,  pp.  558-574. 

^Sir  Tristrem;  a  Metrical  Romance  of  the  13.  Century;  by  Thomas  of  Ercildoune 
called  the  Rhymer.  Ed.  fr.  the  Auchenleck  MS.  by  Walter  Scott.  Edinburg, 
1804.     Pp.  203  ff. 

•  See  Mr.  Douce's  note  on  the  same,  p.  8  of  this  dissertation. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  11 

differ  very  considerably  in  their  style ;  the  first  being  so  verbose 
and  diffuse  ....  while  the  second  is  concise,  lively,  and  dramatic. 
The  orthography  of  the  two  is  different,  and  it  is  further  to  be 
observed,  that,  in  the  first  poem,  the  residence  of  King  Mark  is 
placed  in  London,  while  in  the  second  in  the  castle  of  Tintagel." 

George  Ellis  ^  gives  a  prose  translation,  or  rather,  a  paraphrase, 
of  La  Folie  Tristran  as  found  in  the  Douce  Manuscript.  This  para- 
phrase, while  giving  the  incidents  in  sequence,  is  not  accurate  as 
to  details.  The  translator  intercalates  many  ideas  foreign  to  the 
poem.     It  is  not  neccessary  to  note  these  additions  here. 

The  next  mention  is  by  PAbbe  de  la  Rue.^  "  Le  baron  de 
Hagen  a  publie  en  allemand  le  Roman  de  Tristan  avec  les  deux 
fragments  fran9ais  de  ce  Roman  que  M.  Douce  lui  a  communiques ; 
mais  j 'ignore  s'il  a  fait  imprimer  le  texte  original,  ou  simplement 
une  traduction.^'  Michel  contradicts  the  statement  of  Pabbe  de 
la  Rue,  and  says :  ^  "  M.  Von  der  Hagen  n'a  donn6  ni  le  texte 
ni  la  traduction  des  deux  morceaux  du  manuscrit  Douce,  que  nous 
publions  pour  la  premiere  fois.  lis  n'etaient  auparavant  connus 
au  public  que  par  les  extraits  qu'en  a  donnas  George  Ellis  ^  la 
suite  de  Sir  Tristrem.''  I  have  examined  the  works  of  Von  der 
Hagen,  and  find  that  Michel  is  correct  in  his  statement.  In 
Heldenbilder^  Von  der  Hagen  gives  a  synopsis  of  Gottfried's 
poem,  and  in  the  Litterarischer  Grundriss^  Yon  der  Hagen  and 
Biisching  mention  the  versions  of  Gottfried  von  Strassburg, 
Heinrich  von  Freiburg,  and  Ulrich  von  Tiirheim,  and  give 
passages  from  Ulrich.  La  Folie  Tristran  is  mentioned  in  neither 
of  the  works  of  Von  der  Hagen  just  cited. 

In  1835  Michel  published  his  Tristan,^  This  work  contains  the 
following  pieces  :  i,  pp.  3-212,  4444  verses,  the  Beroul  fragment; 

^  Sir  Tristrem,  pp.  204  fF. 

'  Essais  historiques  sur  les  Bardes,  les  Jongleurs,  et  les  Trouv^res  Normanda  et 
Anglo-Normands.     Caen,  1835.     ii,  264. 

'  Tristan,  etc.,  p.  LXii. 

*•  Heldenhilder.  Breslau,  1821,  1823.  Vol.  ii,  div.  1112.  This  portion  of  the 
work  is  not  paged. 

^  Litterarischer  Orundriss  zur  Oeschichte  der  Deutschen  Poesie  von  der  dltesten  Zeit 
bis  in  das  sechszehnie  Jahrhundert.     Berlin,  1812. 

'  Tristan,  Becueil  de  ce  qui  reste  des  Poemes  relatifs  d  ses  Aventures.  Londres^ 
1835.    3  vols. 


12  La  Folic  Iristran, 

pp.  215-341, 576  verses,  the  Berne  version  of  La  Folie  Tristran  ;  ii, 
pp.  1-85,  1818  verses,  the  poem  of  Thomas  as  found  in  the  Douce 
manuscript ;  pp.  89-137,  996  verses,  the  Douce  version  of  La  Folie 
Tristran,  etc.  The  remaining  pieces  in  the  second  and  third 
volumes  are  not  of  interest  to  us  in  this  study.  Volume  one  con- 
tains also  an  introduction  in  which  Michel  states  the  opinion  held 
in  his  time  regarding  the  authorship  of  the  pieces  in  his  volume.^ 
In  volume  i,  p.  lix,  he  gives  a  description  of  the  Douce  manu- 
script which  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  given  by  Mr.  Madan.^ 

In  the  Histoire  LittSraire  de  la  FranGe,^  1838,  is  a  note  by  Amaury 
Duval  on  the  Douce  manuscript  regarding  its  authorship*  and  the 
edition  of  Michel. 

R.  Heinzel,^  in  1869,  discusses  the  source  of  the  two  poems  on  the 
Folie  Tristran,  especially  the  one  found  in  the  Berne  manuscript. 

J.  Dunlop,^  in  1876,  mentions  the  two  versions  of  La  Folie 
Tristran^  but  adds  nothing  regarding  them. 

Fr.  Lichtenstein,^  in  1877,  speaks  of  the  similarity  of  details 
in  the  version  of  Eilhart  and  the  Douce  fragment,  and  the  latter 
is  mentioned  in  these  words  ^ :  "  Das  umfangreichere  im  Mscr. 
Douce  enthaltene  Gedicht :  Tristan  als  Narr  D.,  welches  nach  dem 
Berner  gearbeitet  ist  (Heinzel  397)  .  .  .  .  " 

E.  Kolbing,^  in  1878,  in  his  grouping  of  the  versions  dealing 
with  Tristan,  mentions  La  Folie  Tristran,  but  does  not  discuss  it. 

F.  Yetter,^^  in  1882,  discusses  the  sources  of  the  Douce  and 
Berne  versions,  and  on  pages  26  f.  gives  Heinzel's  opinion  regard- 
ing them. 

In  volume  XV  of  Romania,  1886,  appeared  a  number  of  articles 
on  Tristan,  among  which  the  following  are  of  interest  in  this  study ; 
Les  Folies  de  Tristan,  W.  Lutoslawski ; "    La  Folie  Tristan  du 

^  See  p.  —  of  this  dissertation.  ^  ggg  pp   g_y  ^f  ^yHq  dissertation. 

3  XIX,  pp.  689  f. 

*  See  p.  —  of  this  dissertation,  in  the  chapter  entitled  Author  and  Source. 

^  Ootlfrieds  von  Strassburg  Tristan  und  seine  Quelle.  Z.  f.  d.  A.,  Neue  Folge. 
II,  pp.  343-345,  392. 

«  The  History  of  Fiction.    London,  1876.     4th  edition,  p.  443. 

'  Eilhart  von  Oberge,  Q.  u.  F.  xix,  p.  cxlix.  s  j^^-^^  p^  cxxxi. 

»  Die  nordische  und  die  englische  Version  der  Tristan-Saga.  (For  full  title  see 
the  Bibliography).     Erster  Teil,  p.  xiii. 

10  La  Legende  de  Tristran.  Marburg,  1882.  Pp.  19,  20  f.,  25,  26,  28.  See  pp. 
—  of  this  dissertation. 

"  Pp.  511-533. 


.   La  Folie  Tristran.  13 

Manuscrit  de  Berne,  H.  Morf.^  Lutoslawski  presents  a  study  of 
the  incident,  Tristran  as  Fool,  the  versions  of  which  he  groups  as 
follows :  The  versions  in  the  Douce  and  Berne  manuscript  are 
from  a  common  source  X ;  the  version  in  manuscript  103  of  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale  and  in  the  printed  editions  of  the  fifteenth 
century,^  and  the  one  in  Eilhart  von  Oberge  are  from  the  source 
Y ;  the  versions  in  Heinrich  von  Freiburg  and  Ulrich  von  Tiir- 
heim  are  out  of  the  source  W ;  and  the  three  unknown  sources 
W.  X.  Y.  he  takes  from  the  original  source  Z,  as  shown  in  his 
diagram.^ 


SYNOPSIS. 

Tristran  is  in  his  own  country,  and  is  longing  for  Ysolt.  He 
decides  to  go  to  England  in  disguise.  He  carefully  keeps  his 
plans  from  everybody,  even  from  Kaherdin.  He  sets  out  in  a  ship, 
and,  after  a  voyage  of  two  days,  arrives  at  Tintagel  where  Mark 
rules.  There  follows  a  short  description  of  Mark's  castle  which 
is  called  in  the  poem  Chastel-Fai,  because  it  disappears  twice  each 
year.  Tristran  lands  and  asks  about  Ysolt  and  Brengien,  her  maid.- 
He  plans  to  see  them,  but  knows  that  Mark  hates  him  and  would 
kill  him,  so  he  arranges  to  go  to  Ysolt  disguised  as  a  fool.  For 
this  purpose  he  exchanges  his  clothes  for  those  of  a  fisherman,  cuts 
his  hair  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  disguises  his  voice,  stains  his  face, 
takes  a  stick  from  a  hedge,  and  goes  toward  the  castle.  Every  one 
fears  him.  When  asked  where  he  is  from,  he  replies  that  he  had 
been  to  the  wedding  of  an  abbot  and  an  abbess.  The  servants  shout 
at  him  and  call  him  **fils  Urgan  le  velu.''  Whenever  he  is 
attacked  by  them  on  the  right  hand,  he  strikes  towards  the  left 

1  Pp.  558-574. 

*  Histoire  du  tres  vaillant,  noble  et  excellent  chevalier  Tristan,  fils  du  roi  Meliadus  de 
Leonnois,  imprime  ct  Rouen  en  Vostel  Jehan  le  Bourgois  le  dernier  jour  de  septembre  mil 
CCCC IIIIXX  et  IX. 

^  Bomania,  xv,  p.  533.  For  a  full  statement  and  discussion  of  his  study  of  the 
versions  of  La  Folie  Tristran,  and  also  of  Vetter's  study,  see  p.  —  of  this  dis- 
sertation in  the  chapter  entitled  Author  and  Source  of  the  Douce  Version. 


14  La  Folie  Tristran.  . 

with  his  chib,  and  plays  the  fool  on  all  occasions.  The  king  orders 
that  the  fool  be  brought  before  him,  and  questions  him  regarding 
himself.  Tristran  tells  the  king  that  his  mother  was  a  whale,  and 
that  he  was  suckled  by  a  tiger.  Then  he  proposes  to  give  his  sis- 
ter to  the  king  in  exchange  for  Ysolt,  whom,  he  says,  he  will  take 
to  a  room  which  he  has  in  the  air.  This  chamber  is  made  of  crystal, 
and  is  suspended  in  the  clouds.  He  calls  himself  Trantris.  The 
king  is  delighted  at  the  fooFs  remarks,  but  Ysolt  is  made  angry  by 
them.  The  fool  makes  several  allusions  to  events  in  the  past  life 
of  Ysolt  and  himself,  which  disconcert  Ysolt,  and  she  retires  to 
her  room.  Before  she  goes,  however,  Mark  questions  the  fool  as 
to  his  accomplishments.  He  tells  the  king  of  his  prowess  as  a 
hunter,  and  of  his  skill  as  servant  and  harper.  The  king  goes 
hunting,  and  Tristran  is  left  alone  in  the  outer  room.  Ysolt  and 
Brengien  discuss  him  in  the  chamber  of  the  former.  Ysolt  thinks 
that  he  is  a  magician,  because  he  knows  so  much  of  her  secret  past, 
but  Brengien  suggests  that  perhaps  it  is  Tristran  himself.  Finally 
he  is  led  into  Ysolt's  room  by  Brengien,  and  there  Tristran  tries 
to  convince  Ysolt  that  it  is  he,  without,  however,  dropping  his  dis- 
guise. At  last,  he  asks  for  Huden,  his  dog,  who  is  brought  in  by 
Brengien.  The  dog  immediately  recognizes  Tristran,  and  the 
latter  contrasts  the  fidelity  of  a  dog  with  the  forgetfulness  of  a 
woman.  Tristran  then  resumes  his  real  voice,  and  is  at  once 
recognized  by  Ysolt,  who  throws  herself  into  his  arms. 
Here  the  poem  ends. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  16 

TONIC  VOWELS. 

A. 

Free  a,  as  in  the  Ile-de-France,  becomes  e :  abi  228,  elez  laxus 
{:  apres)  712,  pii6  (:_p^)916,  ostel  613,  715,  {:  bel)  991,  aguaiter 
(:  mester)  729,  apelez  {:  fiez  ferus)  129,  frere  499,  707,  uel 
AEQUALis  716,  mer  64,  65,  73,  88,  102,  121,  123,  272,  341,  463, 
etc.,  mere  271,  423,  462,  nef  Q6,  67,  72,  139,  344,  463,  585,  769, 
817,  and  other  examples.  Infinitives  of  the  first  conjugation  have 
e  regularly  :  amer  326,  521,  696,  712,  baiser  678,  chacer  490  don- 
ner  378,  mener  296,  464,  parler  157,  175,  353,  594,  aler  32,  73, 
SO,  82,  477,  535,  543,  812,  903,  muer  210,  7iumer  153,  368, 
plurer  959,  967,  porter  204,  etc., — in  all  fifty  verbs.  Perfect  parti- 
ciples of  the  first  conjugation  have  e  regularly  :  chased  754,  de- 
mur^  226,  delivr^  460,  este  473,  798,  acordez  814,  chascez  858, 
navrez  356,  trovez  876,  envenimSs  334,  nam'h  333,  etc., — in  all  fifty- 
one  verbs. 

A  plus  I,  Latin  and  Germanic,  remain  ai :  vait  vadit  302,  668, 
678,  (:  plait  placitum)  37,  (:  lait  lagat)  544,  904,  amai  659, 
934,  (:  viverai)  315,  alai  393,  394,  397,  953,  acordai  447,  criai  448, 
demandai  645,  donai  894,  envaiai  757,  eschaufai  420,  jetai  787, 
and  all  other  examples  of  the  first  person  singular  perfect  of  the 
first  conjugation, — in  all  twenty  verbs.  Germanic  Ai  occurs  only 
in  lai  i^kw  (:  mai  me)  815,  (:  rai  regem)  831,  laiz  (ifaitz)  367, 
{:  cunterfait)  575. 

A  plus  u  becomes  u  and  o :  vunt  56,  87,  88,  251,  263,  537,  v/ai 
89,  264,  >n^  78,  498  ;  od  81. 

A  plus  ui  becomes  oi  :  oi  habui  352,  644,  645,  798,  871,  soi 
(:  poi  paucum)  797. 

Au  becomes  o  and  u  :  chosce  993,  or  952,  povre  37,  39  ;  u  aut  6. 

A  plus  a  palatal  becomes  ai,  e,  a,  ei:  destraiz  (ifaiz  vicis)  8, 
esmai  magan  (:  sai  SAPio)  708,  faltz  (:  LAiz  adj.)  368,  lait  lagat 
(:  vait  vadit)  543,  903,  cunterfait  (:  laiz  adj.)  576,faire  3, 179, 182, 
429,  536,  556,  670,  842,  (:  aire  aerem)  922,  plait  40,  (:  vait  vadit) 
38,  repair  (:  air)  300,  mais  magis  21,  plaie  *PLAGrA  358,  haie 
mdjait  48,  549,  551,  560,  578,  706,  886,  952,  961,  992,  and  many 


16  La  Folie  Tristran, 

others;  'plest  {-.vest)  197,  {: forest)  489,  {-.test  tacet)  379,  elez 
LAXUS  (:  aprea)  772,  fetes  262,  fere  681,  fet  195,  247,  299,  313, 
372,  483,  488,  528,  593,  705,  895,  mes  magis  273,  369,  mestre  260, 
test  TACET  380 ;  face  facia  883,  fare  810 ;  feites  816.  The  develop- 
ment aiy  as  shown  above,  is  largely  in  excess  of  the  three  forms  e, 
a,  and  eL 

Palatal  plus  a  results  regularly  in  e:  cher  760,  764,  871,  chert 
(:  ben)  894,  chevres  508,  chef47Q,  540,  564,  821,  and  others. 

A  before  a  nasal  becomes  a^,  e^,  e.*  daims  (:  hauteins)  508,  mam 
630,  {:  Brengien)  609,  631,  aim,  1.  present,  286,  313,  aime,  3. 
present,  700,  lendemain  61,  722,  naim{s)  725,  739,  878,  6am  427, 
442,  hauteins  (:  daims)  507,  pleing  (:  desdeing)  852,  funteine  701^ 
785,  ^/em^  314,  wems  793  ;  sew  sanctus  595,  senement  140. 

A  before  l'  occurs  in  only  two  verses,  and  then  in  rime  with  one 
another,  as  ai:  vaile,  3.  present,  (:  Cornuaille)  101. 

A  before  n'  is  ai:  bargaine  287,  Bretaine  82,  conpainz  715 f 
estrange  also  occurs,  125,  288,  as  in  the  Ile-de-France  dialect. 

A  before  pi  becomes  a:  sage  (:  cur  age)  48. 

Au  before  a  palatal  becomes  oi:  joi  987,  joie  18,  78,  80,  908, 
910,  914,  noise  542,  poi  40,  481,  552,  685,  (:  soi  sapui)  798. 

-Abilis  occurs  but  twice  :  delitables  (:  profiiables)  127. 

-Am  is  found  in  various  developments  :  -er  in  manere  205,  234, 
868,  (:  arere)  680,  rivere  (:  /re?'e)  500,  destrer  534,  primer  723, 
chevaler  403,  537,  580,  porter{s)  223,  241,  vergez^  {:  veisez)  779, 
(:  cuchez)  941 ;  -ier  only  in  esquier  533,  (:  arocher)  249,  esquiors 
518  ;  aire  in  cuntraire  (ifaire)  555. 

-Atha  gives  -66 ;  espee  880,  (:  osee)  442.  The  form  espeie  430, 
also  occurs  as  in  other  Anglo-Norman  texts.^ 

-Aticum  gives  -age:  curage  (:  sage)  47,  damage  49,  message  39, 

In  verbal  terminations  we  find  the  following  developments : 

-Abam  gives  -oie:  amoie  352,  delitoie  S61y  dutoie  SOS ^  pessoie 
874,  eavoie  354. 

-Abat  gives  -oit^;  amout{:  Ysolt)  116,  gurvirnout  113,  pensout 
31,  semblout  837.  This  termination  -oi*^,  is  found  also  in  verbs^ 
from  other  conjugations,  as  apargout  259,  (cf.  aperceit  323),  cre^ 
mout  101. 

*  For  loss  of  r  see  Consonants,  p.  — .  '  See  below,  p.  20. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  17 

-A VI  appears  as  -ai:  acordai  447,  amai  659,  934,  {:  viverai) 
315,  botai  419,  demandai  645,  laissai  827,  numai  363,  several  417^ 
a/a^  393,  394,  397,  953,  criai  448,  donai  894,  jetoi  787,  and 
many  others. 

-AviT  gives  -at,  -a,  -ad:  envaiat  (:  arf,  3.  present)  391,  alat 
666,  675,  ama^  205,  (cf.  amad  727),  6aisa^  976,  cuntat  665,  je^a^ 
975,  (cf.  jeta  609),  mwa^  973,  (cf.  rnuad  214,  671),  aporto^  981, 
(cf.  aporta  212),  ^rom^  276,  277,  603,  750,  752,  877,  880,  943, 
donat  206,  dunat  200,  767,  cuveraty  from  the  fourth  conjugation, 
bl5;jeta  609,  (cf.  jeiat  975),  pensa  945,  _porto  788,  aporta  212; 
amad  727,  (cf.  amat  205),  muac?  214,  671,  (cf.  muat  973).  The 
ending  -ast  in  donast  967  and  esguardast  958  should  be  corrected 
to  -af,  although  s  is  found  inserted  in  this  ending  and  in  other 
verb  endings  in  Anglo-Norman  texts.^ 

The  future  singular  has  the  following  endings : 

The  first  person  has  -ai  in  all  examples  except  prendra  491, 
This  isolated  form  may  be  a  scribal  error ;  but  see  a  for  ai  526,  sa 
for  sai  556,  822,  and  the  references  to  other  texts  given  below  in 
which  a  stands  in  place  of  ai. 

The  second  person  singular  occurs  once,  averas  (:  dras,  obi.  pi.) 
196. 

The  third  person  shows  two  terminations,  -at,  -a:  averat  991,. 
conestrat  43,  lerat  990,  purrat  1 56,  prat  1 57,  frat  (  =ferirat)  307, 
rendrat  308,  verrat  44;  avera  186,  tendra  183,  185. 

In  the  imperfect  subjunctive  of  the  first  conjugation  we  have 
-asse  and  -a,s'^  in  the  first  and  third  persons  singular  respectively  t 
guardasse  636,  laissasse  823;  aquitast  811,  eelast  51,  cuntast  29, 
entergast  217,  esoutast  218,  lessast  812,  ostos^  30. 

The  verbal  forms  given  above  occur  out  of  rime,  or  rime  only 
with  verbs  having  the  same  terminations,  except  where  they  are 
indicated  as  riming  with  other  forms. 

Checked  a  remains  regularly:  enelespas  (:  dras)  751,  dras  752, 
(:  averas)  195,  {:  pas)  201,  838,  braz  745,  986,  cristal  306,  bras 
818,  975. 

^See  Stimming,  Boeve,  xxix,  xxx,  227-228,  and  citations  given  by  him:  Liber 
Censualis  (Hildebrand,  361),  Brandan  (Hammer,  104),  Rois  (Schlosser,  72), 
St.  Laurent  (Soderhjelm,  iii),  Ste.  Catherine  ( Jarnik,  211),  Angier  (P.  Meyer, 
206),  Auban  (Uhlemann,  604),  fourteenth  century  writers  (Busch,  43-44),  and 
others  (Stiirzinger,  49). 


18  La  Folie  Tristran, 

A  plus  L  before  a  consoDant  becomes  a/,  aUj  aul:  alte  73,  hlialt 
643,  saU  141,  255,  544,  601,  667,  asalt  101,  vol  788,  valt  701 ; 
aukes  516,  687,  chauce  *calcia  419,  chaut  467,  Aa?^^  207,  468, 
558,  girfaus  505,  vans  506;  c/iaw?/  644. 

A  before  a  nasal  consonant  remains  or  becomes  ai,  e,  ei,  au: 
avant  50,  84,  225,  (:  sergant)  262,  6anc  604,  franche  611,  marchant 
393,  397,  ^an  581,  aton^  749,  887,  ^mn^  49,  chambre  305,  c/ian^e 
287,  and  many  others ;  maint  54,  32,  733,  496 ;  sen  595 ;  einz 
ANTEA  455 ;  gaunt  882,  (cf.  wan  581).  The  only  other  occur- 
rence of  au  before  a  nasal  consonant  is  in  pa/umes  422,  in  which 
word  u  takes  the  place  of  s.  Stiirzinger^  and  G.  Cohn^  give 
examples  of  this  change  of  s  to  u.  Au  does  not  occur  before  oral 
consonants  in  La  Folie  Tristran  in  tonic  position,  but  is  found  in 
a  few  words  in  atonic  position.^ 

Ei  and  e,  for  ai,  before  a  palatal,  nasal  or  other  consonant,  are 
found  very  generally  in  Anglo-Norman  writings.  Examples  of 
each  development,  as  well  as  of  ai,  are  to  be  found  in  Brandan,^ 
Lois,''  Cumpoz,^  Bestiaire  of  Philippe  de  Thaiin,'^  Charlemagne,^ 
Fr.  Angier,®  Auban,^*^  Oxford  Psalter ,^^  Adam,^^  Cambridge  Psalter ,^^ 
fourteenth  century  writers,^*  Boeve,^*  Rois,^^  Ste.  Catherine,^''  Liber 
Censualis.^®  E  is  not  found  however,  in  the  Estorie  and  St. 
Laurent  in  the  above  list. 

The  reduction  of  diphthongs  to  single  vowels  was  a  peculiarity 
of  the  Anglo-Norman  dialect.^^  Hence,  we  find  ie  out  of  a  palatal 
plus  A  reduced  regularly  to  the  simple  vowel  e.  As  already  stated,^ 
this  is  the  regular  development  in  our  poem.  For  other  examples 
see  Chardry,  Petit  Plet  1241,  Josaphaz  739  etc.,  St.  Auban  1641 
etc.,  Alexis,^^  Gaimar,  693,  651,^^  Boeve,^^  and  for  other  citations  of 
the  reduction  of  ie  to  e  see  under  -Arius  ^*  and  E.^* 

Ain,  ein,  and  en  out  of  A  before  a  nasal  consonant  occur  in 
other  Anglo-Norman  texts.    The  proportion  of  occurrences  differs  in 

1  Orthographia  Oallka,  p.  50.  ^  Z.RP.,  xix,  pp.  61-60. 

'  See  Atonic  Vowels,  p.  — .  *  Hammer,  pp.  91-92. 

*  Matzke,  p.  xliv.  « G.  Paris,  Alexis,  p.  80.       » Walberg,  p.  lxxxv. 

^Koschwitz,  Ueberlieferung,  p.  37.  ^P.  Meyer,  pp.  193-194. 

loUhlemann,  p.  580.  "Harseim,  p.  277.  "Grass,  p.  123. 

"  Schumann,  pp.  19-21 .        i*  Busch,  pp.  27-28.  i*  Stimming,  pp.  194-195. 

i«  Schlosser,  pp.  13, 14, 18.      "  Jarnik,  p.  161.  is  Hildebrand,  p.  358. 

19  See  E,  p.  26.  ">  P.  16.  "  G.  Paris,  Alexis,  p.  80. 

32  Vising,  p.  85,  "Stimming,  p.  ix.         ^ipp^  ig^  20.  ^spp.  24-26. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  19 

different  texts.  Ain  and  ein  are  found  in  the  Bestiaire  of  Philippe/ 
Brandan/  Tristan/  Rois/  Oxford  Psalter/  Cambridge  Psalter/ 
Fantosme/Auban/Montauban  Psalter/  Lois/*^  fourteenth  century 
writers/^  Adam/^  Boeve/^  Fr.  Angier/*  St.  Laurent/*^  Ste. 
Oatherine.^^ 

En  occurs  in  Boeve/^  Brandan/^  fourteenth  century  writers.^^ 

In  La  Folie  Tristran  aun  occurs  only  in  checked  position,  and 
but  once,  as  shown  above.^^  Au  before  a  nasal  consonant  is  com- 
mon in  Anglo-Norman  in  both  free  and  checked  position.  See 
Bestiaire  of  Philippe,^^  Ipomedon,^^  Boeve,^  Auban/^  Chardry.^ 
Schwan-Behrens  ^^  date  this  development  since  the  beginning  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  Busch  ^  gives  examples  of  its  occur- 
rence in  the  fourteenth  century.  On  page  13  Busch  says :  "  Es 
scheint  demnach  aun  plus  Cons,  fur  an  plus  Cons.,  das  nach  Stiir- 
zinger  1.  c.  xxxix  sich  in  datirten  Texten  friihestens  aus  einer 
Urkunde  vom  Jahre  1266  nachweisen  lasst,  gegen  Ende  des  14. 
Jahrhunderts  mehr  und  mehr  auszer  Gebrauch  gekommen  zu  sein. 
Zu  alteren  literarischen  Texten  vgl.  Koch :  Chardry,  Altfranz. 
Bibl.  I  pag.  XXX;  Rolfs:  Adgarlegenden,  Rom.  Forsch.  i  pag. 
206  ;  Uhlemann  :  Vie  de  Seint  Auban,  Rom.  Stud,  iv  pag.  543." 
The  Cumpoz  has  not  au  for  a.^ 

An  out  of  A  plus  a  nasal  consonant  in  checked  position  calls 
for  no  comment.  It  is  found  throughout  Anglo-Norman  by  the 
side  of  the  other  development,  aun. 

An  in  free  position  is  not  found  in  La  Folie  Tristran.  Philippe 
de  Thaiin  has  this  result.^^ 

La  Folie  Tristran  has  not  en  for  an  in  free  position.  However, 
one  example  of  en  for  an  in  checked  position  occurs :  sen 
SANCTUS.  Boeve  ^  has  sen  and  sante.  En  occurs  also  in  Adam,^^ 
Tristan/^  Estorie  des  Engleis,^  Angier,^  Boeve.^ 

^  Walberg,  p.  lxxxv.  '  Hammer,  p.  97.  ^Kottiger,  pp.  32,  56. 

*Schlo8ser,  pp.  11,  13.  ^  Harseim,  pp.  277-278.  «  Schumann,  p.  17. 

'  Vising,  p.  93.  ^  Uhlemann,  p.  580.  *  Matzke,  p.  xlhi. 

10  Ihid.,  ei  only  three  times.  "  Busch,  p.  28.  ^^  Grass,  p.  123. 

1'  Stimming,  p.  196.  i*  P.  Meyer,  p.  193.  ^^  Soderhjelm,  p.  ii. 

i«  Jarnik,  pp.  141, 143, 161.  "  Stimming,  p.  197.  ^^  Hammer,  p.  97. 

19  Busch,  p.  28.  ^  P.  18.  21  Walberg,  p.  vi. 

"Stimming,  p.  174.  ^aibj^,  ^4 uhlemann,  p.  559. 

25  Koch,  p.  XXX.  2«  Oram.  §  252,  3  Anm.  "  Pp.  12-13. 

28  Mall,  p.  65.  2»  Walberg,  p.  xli.  "o  Stimming,  p.  197. 

81  Grass,  p.  112.  '^Rsttig^r^  p  31,  "Stimming,  p.  174. 


20  La  Folie  Tristran, 

-Er,  for  -ier  out  of  -ARius,  -ekius,  is  an  Anglo-Norman  trait 
which  appears  as  early  as  1086  in  the  Liber  Censualis.^  This 
development  is  to  be  expected  on  account  of  the  very  general 
reduction  of  diphthongs  in  Anglo-Norman.^  For  examples  of  -er, 
see  Auban  686,  Chardry  :  Josaphaz,  287,  Lois,^  Gaimar.^  Boeve 
has  -er  generally,  but  -ier  occurs  occasionally.*     Brandan  has  -ier.^ 

-Air  is  found  commonly  in  certain  words,  as  in  Fantosme, 
cuntradre  24,  1269,^  Philippe  de  Thaiin  :    Bestiaire  3, 1773  etc.« 

Ei  for  e,  as  in  espeie^  is  found  in  other  texts  :  Brandan,^  Tristan,^^ 
Charlemagne,^^  Boeve,^^  Estorie  des  Engleis,^^  Iporaedon,^^  Oxford 
Psalter,^^  Cambridge  Psalter ,^^  Longtoft,^*  Wadington,^*  Montauban 
Psalter." 

E. 

This  vowel  shows  five  developments  in  free  position  :  e^,  ai,  oiy 
e,  ee.  The  first  form,  ei,  is  by  far  the  most  frequent,  occurring 
over  twice  as  many  times  as  all  the  other  forms  combined.  The 
others  occur  numerically  in  the  order  given  above :  esteit  97,  99^ 
lOr,  109,  110,  145,  601,  607,  766,  846,  868,  928,  (:  devait)  69, 
sei  SITIM  (:  rai  regem)  469,  veir  videre  133,  mei  179,  369,  629^ 
956,  erei  52,  724,  955,  quei  466,  549,  556,  822,  (:  tei)  QIS,  perdeit 
(:  droit)  132,  aveit  98,  146,  189,  203,  215,  446,  654,  879  (:  dait) 
776,  tenei  821,  avei  347,  396,  643,  deveie  346,  449,  aparceit  323, 
cremeit  29,  curreit  7SQ yfeseit  116,  plaiseit  784,  soleit  204,  quereient 
124,  veneient  123,  and  other  imperfects,  ^wrme  695,  vendreie  791, 
fereis  297,  ocireit  164,  murreit  24,  vendreit  178,  deis  Discus  374, 
creit  845,  saveir  600,  sei  se  527,  tei  370,  411,  614,  vei  via  373, 
voleir  6S7, proeisse  159,  espeir  (:  veir,  adv.)  620,  and  others;  baivre 
459,  645,  650,  654,  655,  chair  827,  (:  vair,  adv.)  823,  vait  videt 
188,  193,  222,  607,  845,  (:  droit)  967  Jai  fidem  384,  658,  896. 
mai  172,  262,  612,  698,  895,  (:  lai  laid)  816,  sai  se  155,  sai 
siTiM  645,  654,  vail  velum  86,  dait  327,  361,  415,  632,  761,  893, 

*  Hildebrand,  pp.  358  f.  '  See  E,  p.  26.  '  Matzke,  p.  XLiv. 

*  ViPing,  p.  85.  5  Stimming,  pp.  ix,  201.     «  Birkenhoff,  p.  59. 
^  Vising,  p.  93.  ^  Walberg,  p   lxxxv.       '  Hammer,  p.  90. 
10  Rottiger,  p.  34.  "  Stimming,  p.  175. 

"  Harseim,  p.  277 ;  Meister,  p.  74.      ^^  Schumann,  p.  15.     i*  Busch,  pp.  15, 17. 
"  Suchier,  Oram,  §  17  d,  p.  24  considers  ei  for  e  in  forms  like  ses  SAPIS,  set  sapit, 
«et«  seit,  as  only  graphic  forma. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  21 

(:  aveit)  775,  dai  167,  239,  vai  video  261,  853,  devait  (:  esteit)  70, 
fesait  96,  322,  467,  avail  (:  (iro^7)  967,  meraies  (:  fereis)  298,  serrait 
36,  843,  semi^  553;  moi  377,  800,  mo^/  291,  soi  3,  c/roi^  64,  91, 
94,  (:  vait  videt)  968,  (:  voleit)  32,  (:  perdeit)  131,  estolt  345,  ser- 
roi7  579,  savoie  354 ;  mes  mensem  555,  and  in  the  infinitives  of 
three  verbs,  saver  46,  160,  178,  741,  aver  296,  330,  640,  916, 
valer  159.  It  is  doubtful  whether  this  e  should  be  considered  as  a 
phonetic  development  of  Latin  e.^  The  double  vowel  ee  appears 
in  veer  156,  (cf.  peez  744.) 

E  before  a  palatal  consonant  has  the  same  development  as  e  in 
the  preceding  section,  e^,  ai,  oi,e:  desdeing  (:  plemg)  851,  deing 
696,  desdein  693,  dreit  433,  602,  973,  (:  vait  videt)  221,  enseignea 
955,  rei{s)  113,  123,  285,  299,  309,  399,  528,  714,  794  (twenty, 
eight  times),  endreit  (:  sail  estre)  586  ;  rai{s)  98,  144,  240,  259, 
266,  283,  464,  470,  478,  776  (fifteen  times),  faiz  vicem  9,  132, 
•134,  757,  (:  destraiz)  7,  731,  esplait  87 ;  droit  64,  91,  94,  (:  voleit) 
32,  {:  perdeit)  121,  {:  vait  videt)  968,  roi{s)  95,  161,  799;  en- 
sengnes  955,  regne  812. 

E  after  a  palatal  becomes  i:  merci  (:  siwi)  668,  (:  vi)  805, 
(:  averti)  947,  {:  priy  1.  present)  612,  (:  guari)  358,  pais  34,  135, 
345,  349,  401  (:  ocis)  395,  416,  (:  pensifs)  1,  (:  vis,  sing,  obi.)  212, 
(:  prisy  sing,  obi.)  579. 

E  before  a  nasal  becomes  ei  and  ai :  ceme  cenat  193,  sereine 
272,  j9eme  10,  13  ;  maine  minat  1 94. 

E  plus  I  becomes  a^,  ei:  raine  116,  147,  151,  295,  325,  348, 
357,  361,  383  (twenty-four  times);  reine  19,  96,  849,  875,  939. 
The  form  renne  525  is  noticeable,  and  is  probably  a  scribal  error 
which  should  be  corrected  to  one  of  the  other  two  forms,  or  it  may 
be  a  phonetic  representation  of  the  pronunciation  e.  The  forms 
having  ai  and  ei  are  the  only  ones  occurring ;  if  in  rime,  they  rime 
only  with  tonic  i. 

E  plus  iJ  becomes  eil  and  ail:  cunseil  50,  53,  187,  566,  568, 
soleil  885,  vermeil  886,  merveille  917,  merveil  565 ;  solail  302,  307, 
vermaille  (:  merveille)  918. 

E  plus  n'  becomes  ein :  desdeing  {:  plaing)  851,  deing  696,  des- 
dein 693. 

1  See  p.  23. 


22  La  Folk  Tristran, 

-Itiam  becomes  -ise  and  -isse:  cuintise  160,  181,  734,  feintke 
852,  ^ZQ.^  franchise  J  935,  veidise  733;  cointisse  398. 

Checked  e  becomes  e;  6es^[6]  914,  mamele  (:  6e?[e])  279, 
senestre  256,  in  verbal  ending  -etis,  acordissez  809,  puussez  810, 
aue^  226,  530,  694,  760,  895,  956,  ^oe^  599,  volez  281,  614,  savez 
174,  447,  592,  646,  875. 

Checked  e  before  a  nasal  appears  as  e,  eij  ai,a:  enz  85,  245, 
enchantement  570,  femme  444,  936,  durement  402,  ensement  14, 
(:  sanglant)  747,  estreitement  58,  granment  441,  malement  333,  sene- 
men^  140,  sifaitement  413,  verrement  623,  bonement  497,  cuintement 
67,  cument  175,  sew  180,  sens  182,  swi;en^  49,  780,  (:  tanlent)  253, 
turment  343,  prendre  163,  450,  500,  cens;  (:  ^ens;)  376,  (:  men^;)  319, 
386,  e?i2  245,  (:  i^enz)  85,  c^enz  650,  (^edens;  258,  419  (:  ^en2;)  827  ; 
Zan^e  lingua  m  418. 

Examples  of  ei  out  of  e  are  found  in  Brandan,^  Chardry,^  Liber 
Censualis,^  Boeve,*  Lois,^  Cumpoz,  mei  12,  tei  17,  etc. 

Ai  for  ei  is  a  Norman  trait  according  to  Suchier.^  In  another 
place  ^  he  says :  "  Bei  den  Anglonormannen  ist  ei  besonders  vor 
s,  r,  d,  t,  (in  den  Endungen  efs,  eise,  efre,  eic?e,  eit,  eite)  zu  az  (<^  ei) 
geworden,  bevor  ai  zu  e  kontrahiert  wurde,  und  nahm  daher  auch 
an  dieser  kontraction  teil."  Again  on  the  same  page  he  says  : 
"  Die  Vermischung  des  ai  mit  ei  ist  auf  dem  Festlande  auch  G 
Clerc  noch  unbekannt.  Bei  Guarnier  steht  balai  2840  in  einer 
Laisse  auf  ei,  offenbar  durch  agn.  Einfluss."  Ai  is  found  in 
Brandan,^  Adam,^  Auban,^*^  Charlemagne,"  Boeve,^^  Estorie  des  En- 
gleis,^^  Oxford  Psalter,^*  Cambridge  Psalter,^^  fourteenth  century 
writers,^^  Bestiaire  of  Philippe,^^  Rois,^^  Ste.  Catherine.^^ 

Oi  is  found  in  Chardry :  Josaphaz,  2Si7  foiz  vicem  (:  croiz),  Cum- 
poz,^ Brandan,^^  Boeve,^^  Vie  d'fidouard  le  Conquerant.^  Suchier 
and  Stimming  consider  this  oi  out  of  e  as  a  form  introduced  from 

1  Birkenhoff,  p.  59.  "^  Koch,  p.  xxvii.  '  Hildebrand,  p.  358. 

*  Stimming,  pp.  197  f.  ^Matzke,  p.  xlvi.  ^  Beimpredigt,  p.xvni. 

''Oram,  g  30  b,  p.  49.  ^  Hammer,  p.  92.  »  Grass,  p.  123. 

^"  [Thiemann,  p.  580.  ^^  Koschwitz,  Ueberlieferung,  p.  37. 

"Stimming,  pp.  198 f.  ^^ Ibid.,  p.  198.  i*Harseim,  p.  283. 

15  Schumann,  p.  28.  ^^  Busch,  p.  30.  i^  Walberg,  p.  lxxxiv. 

18  Schlosser,  pp.  29  f.  i»  Jarnik,  pp.  145,  150.  ^o  ^^11,  p.  60. 

21  Hammer,  p.  92.  '^  Stimming,  pp.  viii,  198.  ^s  Vising,  p.  14. 


La  Folie  Tristran.  23 

the  continent.  Suchier  ^  says :  "  Bei  Anglonormannen  ist  oi  fur  ei 
wohl  festlandischer  Import.  Von  den  Dichtern  Englands  ist  wohl 
Chardri  der  erste,  der  dieses  oi  kennt  (und  zwar  nur  in  dem  Ausgang 
-oie  fiir  -eie,  das  :  pie  reimt,  und  einmal  foiz  viCEM  :  croiz  S.  72), 
Stimming^  says:  "Sehr  bald  wurden  aber  vom  Festlande  aus 
Formen  mit  oi  eingefuhrt.  Sie  finden  sich  zuerst  in  einigen  Hand- 
schriften  des  Computus,  doch  nie  im  Reim  (Mall  S.  60),  auch  jm 
Brandan  (Hammer,  S.  92),  spater  in  den  verschiedenen  Texten 
bald  haufiger,  bald  seltener." 

JE  for  ei  is  an  Anglo-Norman  trait  according  to  Suchier  ^  and 
Mall ;  *  but  compare  Sch  wan- Beh reus  :^  "  In  der  normannischen  und 
in  anderen  westfranzosischen  Mundarten  hat  ^i  nicht  6i,  sondern  H 
S  ergeben.  Eine  genaue  Abgrenzung  dieses  westfranzosischen  ei- 
Gebietes  fehlt  zur  Zeit  noch."  In  the  Lois  e  becomes  e  only  in 
ave7'y  saver y  but  ei  is  the  more  comuion  development.  This  reduc- 
tion of  ei  to  e  is  not  found  in  Cumpoz,  nor  in  the  Montauban 
Psalter,  except  in  aver.  Rois  has  ei  most  frequently,  but  e  occurs 
also  in  infinitives.  JE  occurs  in  Alexis,^  Brandan,^  Chardry : 
Josaphaz,  301,  1072,  Set  Dormanz  1213,  Petit  Plet  987,  Boeve,^ 
Roland,^  Estorie  des  Engleis,^  Liber  Censualis.^ 

The  infinitive  ending  -ere  becomes  -er,  -e^V,  -airy  -eer,  which 
are  Anglo-Norman  traits.  I  have  given  ahove^^  saver  (:  veir 
Veracem)  741.  In  verse  823  is  chair  (:  vair  veracem),  in  133 
veir  (:  enveir),  and  in  687  voleir  (:  veir).  These  cannot  establish 
the  endings  -eir  and  -air,  as  they  are  unsupported  forms.  Note, 
also,  the  rime  valer  (:  saver)  159.  Compare  Cumpoz,  aveir  2355, 
seeir  3510,  valtir  3476,  veeir  2655,  saveir  265.  In  the  case  where 
-ERE  has  become  -er,  the  reason  must  be  ascribed  to  a  change  of 
conjugation,  as  Suchier  says :  ^^ '^  Wen n  im  Agn.  die  Infinitiv- 
endung  -eir  zu  er  wird,  so  liegt  vielleicht  eher  eine  Formiibertra- 
gung,  als  ein  Lautwandel  vor,  daher  dies  beim  Yerbum  zur 
Sprache  kommen  soU.^'  G.  Paris  says,^^  in  explanation  of  this 
form  :  ^^Aver  (20  a)  pour  aveir  est  une  faute  frequente  dans  les 
textes  Merits  en  Angleterre."     See   also  Cohn  '}^   " .  .  .  .  dessen 

Wram.  ^  30  c,  p.  50.  =»  P.  197.  ^Beimpredigt,  p.  xvii. 

*P.  38.  ^Gram.  225  Anm.  « G.Paris,  4 /ms,  p.  51. 

T  Birkenhoff,  p.  59.  ^  Stimming,  p.  198.  » Hildebrand,  p.  358. 

^°P.  21.  "  Gram.  30  b.  ^^  Alexis,  p.  74. 
"Z.  f.  S.  L.,  1902,  p.  47. 


:j^$^ 

~:!? 


24  La  Folie  Tristran. 

heimatliche  Mundart  die  anglo-norraannische  in  der  Flektierung 
von  Verben  anderer  Konjugationsklassen  als  der  ersten  nach  dem 
Muster  dieser  letzteren  besonders  weit  ging."  Cohn  gives  many 
examples  of  verbs  which  have  gone  over  to  the  first  conjugation 
from  other  conjugations.  See  also  Meyer-Liibke  :  ^  "  De  bonne 
heure  d6ja,  les  inf.  en  -eir  y  [in  Anglo-Norman]    ont  6te  sup- 

plant^s  par  d'autres  en  -er On  releve  des  exemples  plus 

nombreux  encore  de  cette  substitution  aux  xiii®  et  xiv®  siecles, 

epoque  oil  des  inf.  en  -re  et  en  -^V  passent  aussi  dans  i en 

somme,  la  langue  manifeste  une  tendance  marquee  h  ramener  tons 
les  verbes  k  une  seule  classe."  Stimming^  also  agrees  that  a 
change  of  conjugation,  and  not  a  phonetic  form,  is  here  involved. 
For  a  few  examples  of  this  change  of  other  conjugations  to  the 
first,  see  Boeve,^  Auban,^  St.  Gregoire,^  Deu  le  omnipotent.*  This 
change  is  not  found  in  the  Bestiaire  of  Philippe.* 

Ail  out  of  E  plus  jJ  is  found  in  the  Bestiaire  of  Philippe,* 
Gaimar.* 

Free  e  becomes  e,  ie,  ee:  pere  petha  867,  p6  37,  (:  ater7'e)  33, 
(:  piU)  915,  arere  513,  747,  {:  praiere)  807,  (:  manere)  679,  levre 
leporem  511,  levres  491,  pez  647,  901,  904,  bevre  bebrum  512, 
gref  550  ;  fiez  ferus  (:  apelez)  130 ;  peez  744.  It  is  possible  that 
Jiez  130  should  be  read  feez.  Ebrius  appears  as  ivre  (:  delivre) 
459. 

Ae  becomes  e:  eel  522,  836. 

E  before  a  palatal  becomes  i:  delit  (:  dit)  978,  m,  1.  present, 
(:  cumbati)  332,  pri,  1.  present,  (:  merci)  611,  pris  pretium  (:  m^s, 
past  participle)  219,  {:  pais)  580,  lit  60,  547,  744,  746,  748,  750, 
992,  liz  740,  mi  medius  302,  respit  59,  cingnes  493. 

E  plus  a  nasal  consonant  becomes  m,  ien:  ben  74,  83,  106,  111, 
157,  161,  164,  167,  170,  178  (twenty-five  times),  chen  894,  ven,  2. 
imperative,  382,  905,  men  516,  620,  748,  751,  906,  suvent,  3. 
present,  (:  iient)  698,  vent,  3.  present,  33,  65,  85,  545,  547,  avent, 
3.  present,  49,  venent  93,  dent  988 ;  tient  187,  931,  (:  suvent,  3. 
present)  697,  vient  188,  suvieni  932.      Except  in  the  example 

^  Oram.,  I,  pp.  157-158.        ^  Boeve,  p.  198.  ^Stimming,  p.  xxvin. 

*■  Walberg,  p.  Lxxvi.  ^  Walburg,  p.  l.  «  Vising,  p.  85. 


La  Folic  Tristran,  26 

shown  above,  ben  (:  chen)  894,  E  plus  a  nasal  rimes  only  with 
itself.  In  tient  (:  suvient)  697  the  ie  is  due,  doubtless,  to  the  scribe, 
and  should  be  corrected,  as  should  also  tient  187,  931,  vient  188, 
suvient  932. 

E  before  l'  becomes  e :  merur  910.  This  is  the  only  occurrence 
of  this  combination  in  this  poem. 

£  plus  n'  appears  as  in  and  ain:  engin  101,  168,  734,  779, 
(:  venim)  425,  (:  esorin)  435,  sire  539 ;  engain  (:  Tristran)  843. 

£l  plus  r'  becomes  er;  mester  QQ^  484,  59f,  929,  (;  aguaiter)  730. 

E  plus  u  remains  in  deu  76,  77,  294,  411,  583,  611,  954,  deus 
805,  829,  947. 

Checked  e  remains  as  e:  vest  (:  'plest  placet)  198,  forest  861, 
(iplest)  490,  apres  209,  (:  truis)  501,  (:  elez  laxus)  771,  anel  951, 
956,  957,  964,  cultel  523,  chastel  99,  109,  115,  122,  130, 131,  221, 
cert  17,  destre  255,  630,  Engleterre  32,  70,  78,  91,  Aerie  983, 
mantel  476j  479,  nwve^es  143,  s6r/603,  terre{s)  124,  825,  ^es^e  417, 
438,  913,  vers  versus  25,  derc  232,  6e/  100,  106,  237,  862,  952, 
992,  bels  488,  578,  bele  67,  110,  148,  280,  301,  551,  598,  632, 
655,  657,  755  (eighteen  times),  beles  120. 

Ae  becomes  e :  prest  praestum  65. 

!E  plus  L  before  a  consonant  becomes  eZ,  eu,  au :  bels  488,  578, 
cospels  523,  782,  787,  melz  6,  7,  9,  553,  636,  oiseZs  487 ;  beus  127, 
366,  467,  (cf.  beu  499  used  in  a  vocative  construction) ;  baus  992. 
This  last  form,  bans,  may,  and,  probably,  should  be  read  bons. 

E  plus  a  nasal  becomes  en  and  an:  gent  25,  55,  138,  322,  genz 
124,  375,  828,  argent  649,  defendre  449,  parew^  45,  mi  162,  177, 
312,  762,  840,  sempres  355,  443,  serment  830,  831,  serpm^  414, 
tens  10,  181,  473,  wen^  89,  304,  venz  74,  86,  343,  entent  317,  321, 
412,  475,  665,  829,  833,  839,  937  ;  sanglant  748,  750,  752,  sergant 
(;  avant)  261,  tans  tempus  642,  entant  293,  (cf.  entente  just  cited). 

^  out  of  E  before  an  oral  consonant  appears  in  Chardry  :  Jos- 
aphaz  eel  (:  el)  202,  (:  mortel)  2008,  arere  (:  manere)  783,  p^ 
(:  delivr^)  14:57 j  Gaimar,^  Reimpredigt,^  Cumpoz,^  Fantosme,* 
Boeve,''  Liber  Censualis,^  Adam.^    Ie  is  found  in  Brandau,^  Boeve.* 

*  Vising,  pp.  81,  85.  '  Suchier,  Reimpredigt,  p.  xvi. 

*Suchier,  Oram.,  §  28e;  Mall,  pp.  72,  74.  *  Vising,  p.  7. 

*Stimming,  p.  201.        «Hildebrand,  pp.  358-359;  Suchier,  Oram.,  I  29  e. 
'  Stimming,  p.  201.  »  Birkenkoff,  p.  59.  »  Stimming,  p.  201. 


26  La  Folie  THstran, 

While  ie  is  occasionally  found  in  Anglo-Norman  texts,  e  is 
almost  generally  met  with,  and  is  recognized  as  a  characteristic  of 
the  Anglo-Norman  dialect.  "  Von  jeher  hat  man  die  Vertaus- 
chung  von  franz.  ie  mit  e  als  charakteristisches  Merkmal  des  agn. 
Dialektes  angesehen."  ^  "  Das  Anglonormannische  hat  eine  Ab- 
neigung  gegen  Diphthonge  und  hat  dieselben  daher  oft  zu  einfachen 
Vokalen  verengt."^  *^La  diphthongue  ie  n'existait  plus  de  son 
[Fantosrae]  temps  en  anglo-normand ;  elle  etait  devenue  U  ou 
m^me  e  et  rimait  avec  e;  e'est  la,  comme  on  va  Ie  voir,  un 
phenomene  des  plus  ordinaires  en  anglo-normand  et  a  P^gard 
duquel  ce  dialecte  a  devance  ceux  du  continent.^ 

Deus,  deum  give  only  the  forms  deus,  deu  in  La  Folie  Tristran, 
The  forms  dieu^  d6  in  Boeve,*  cZ^,  diex  in  the  Bestiaire  of  Philippe,*'' 
d^s  in  Gaimar,^  Cumpoz,^  etc.,  do  not  occur  in  this  poem. 

Ee  for  ie  occurs  in  Charlemagne,^  Cumpoz,^  Estorie  des  En- 
gleis,^  Ipomedon,^  Langtoft,^^  Boeve.^^ 

LJn  out  of  E  plus  a  nasal  consonant  is  a  trait  which  occurs 
constantly  in  Anglo-Norman.^^  In  contrast  to  this  development, 
ien  is  found  occasionally,  just  as  ie  is  found  beside  of  e  before 
an  oral  consonant,  as  just  stated.  Cumpoz  has  rien  19,  299,  bien 
20,  300,  tient  267,  1429,  vient  266.  These  rime  only  with  each 
other.  In  Boeve,^^  en  occurs  generally,  but  ien  is  not  infrequent ; 
but  the  latter  is  much  more  frequent  than  ie  out  of  E  before  an 
oral  consonant. 

-Erium  generally  gives  -er  in  other  Anglo-Norman  texts,  as  in 
our  poem.  However,  -ier  is  not  absent  from  Anglo-Norman 
texts.  -Mr  is  found  in  Auban,  mester  (:  aler)  114,  (:  celer)  211, 
Chardry  :  Josaphaz,  mester  (:  aver)  301,  Boeve.^^   Cumpoz  has  -ier." 

In  La  Folie  Tristran  there  is  no  example  of  eal  or  eau  out  of  £ 
plus  L  before  a  consonant.  The  same  condition  exists  in  the 
Bestiaire  of  Philippe^*  and  in  the  Cumpoz.^^  Eal  is  found  in  man- 
uscripts of  the  Montauban  Psalter  and  later. ^'^     The  reduction  to 

1  Stimming,  p.  201.  ^  Stimming,  p.  193.  »  vising,  p.  7. 

*  Stimming,  pp.  x,  203.       ^  Walberg,  p.  XLiv.  *  Suchier,  Oram.,  I  22  b. 

'  Koschwitz,  Ueberlieferung,  pp.  43-44.  ®  Mall,  p.  69. 

»  Stimming,  p.  202.  ^°  Busch,  p.  33.  "  Stimming,  p.  202. 

^»  Stimming,  p.  203.  ^^  Stimming,  p.  ix.  "  Fenge,  p.  10. 

"  Walberg,  p.  XLin.  ^*  Mall,  p.  66.  ^'  Matzke,  p.  xlvi. 


La  Folie  Tristran,  27 

<ih  is  found  early  in  Anglo-Norman  texts :  Bestiaire  of  Philippe, 
Cambridge  Psalter,  Rois.^  The  glide  a  is  found  in  Boeve,^  Fan- 
tosme,^  and,  according  to  Stimming,*  ^'  ....  die  Einfugung  des 
Oleitlautes  a  im  Agn.  sonst  das  durchaus  gebrauchliche  ist,  vgl. 
Koschwitz  S.  48,  Harseim  S.  282,  Schlosser  S.  21,  Vising  S.  91, 
Rolfs  S.  217-218  u.  a.'^ 

Auy  out  of  E  plus  L  before  a  consonant,  occurs  three  times  in  the 
Lois.^ 

I. 

Free  and  checked  i  remain  :  cumbati  (:  ni,  1.  present)  331,  siwi 
(:  merci)  667,  averti  (:  merci)  948,  guari  (:  merci)  357,  rive  142, 
chaitive  546,  fills  470,  fin  27 y  guisse  264,  i  80,  ire  318,  444,  naif 
409,  _^s  242,  tristes  2,  guarir  5,  15,  339,  cuverir  971,  descuverir 
53,  languir  10,  342,  murir  6,  7,  9,  16,  20,  167,  etc.,  oir  483,  972, 
pariir  949,  and  other  infinitives  of  the  fourth  conjugation,  cheriz 
401,  hai  395,  saisi  201,  servi  486,  526,  sailli  747,  a^;er^i  743,  948, 
ofri  653,  smY^i  744,  nitrH  274,  279,  930,  933. 

I  before  a  palatal  remains  :  ami  582,  962,  (:  Z^  tonic)  45,  987, 
amie  156,  165,  383,  481,  564,  etc.,  e7wie  946,  gupil  509,  orine  739, 
850,  %re  275,  mie  59,  370,  597,  709. 

I  before  a  nasal  consonant  remains  as  i  or,  in  one  case,  becomes 
ai:  divins  562,  fin  27,  mesehine  148,  362,  425,  690,  matin  61,  307, 
venim  336,  420,  426,  chemin  62,  422,  /arme  740,  divins  562  ;  mame 
MIN  590,  928.  In  venim  it  is  necessary  to  suppose  a  change  of 
tonic  vowel.^ 

lis  inserted  in  mai"^  (mai  bele  amie)  598,  by  the  side  of  ma  271, 554, 
664,  755,  and  in  the  verbal  forms  doinse  295,  cunuit  608,  907, 
mescunuit  848,  aperceuit  847,  by  the  side  of  aperceut  793. 

J  is  omitted  in  jeu,  1.  perfect  of  gedr,  422,  aperceu,  1.  singular, 
799,  >,  1.  singular,  333,  350,  355,  402,  644,  754,  770,  lu  {=  hi) 
4,  5,  43,  145,  159,  184,  188,  193,  206,  314,  66S,  678,  923,  by  the 
side  of  lui  16,  246,  263,  480,  537,  913,  and  li  29,  46,  83,  200, 


^  Matzke,  p.  xlvi.  '  Stimming,  pp.  174,  211. 

*»  Vising,  p.  91.  *P.  174. 

*  Matzke,  p.  xlvi.  *  Schwan-Behrens,  Gram.  11,  3b. 

''  No  other  possessive  has  this  i :  ta  383,  sa  148. 


^  La  Folie  Tristran, 

225,  241,  254,  379,  489  (twenty-four  times),'  cunustre  628,  by  the 
side  of  Gunuistre  972. 

The  insertion  of  i  in  verbal  forms  and  elsewhere  is  not  unknown 
to  other  Anglo-Norman  texts  :  Bestiaire  of  Philippe,^  euis  60,  ouif 
66,  vaait  102,  154,  fouis  81,  S6y  menaist  187,  tuz  joris  22,  etc.,, 
Boeve,^ panis  2723,  gaguis  2820,  matinis  3048,  cheinis  {chiens)  1617, 
pderinis  2776.  Stimming  *  says  in  regard  to  ui  for  it  in  verbal 
forms :  "  Die  Wiedergabe  unseres  Lautes  durch  ui  ist  als  ^  urn- 
gekehrte  Schreibung^  aufzufassen,  die  also  eintrat,  nachdem  ui 
im  Agn.  zu  u  geworden  war.  Sie  begegnet  mehrfach  in  agn.  und 
me.  Texten,  so  im  Brandan  (Hammer  S.  93),  Tristan  (Rottiger  S. 
40),  Adgar  (Rolfs  S.  213),  besonders  im  14.  Jahrh.  (Busch  S.  26)^ 
Behrens,  Zur  Lautl.  S.  119  Anm."  This  abbreviation  occurs  also 
in  continental  texts.  Stimming^  gives  a  list  of  such  texts.  Con- 
stans  ^  explains  this  as  follows  :  "  Begui  =  eeci(p)ui.  Forme 
normale;  mais  aperceuit  15  (=  ad-perci(p)uit)  et  mescunuit  1& 
(:=  minuscognovit),  pour  apergnt,  mesGonut^  montrent  I'intention 
de  representer  le  son  de  Vu  franyais,  qui  6tait  different  de  celui 
de  Vu  anglo-normand  provenant  de  o,  u  latins." 

The  omission  of  i  (=  u  for  ui  and  oi)  is  found  in  Anglo-Nor- 
man texts  in  verbs  and  in  other  words  :  Bestiaire  of  Philippe  ^  has 
muement  492,  busson  (in  atonic  syllable)  792,  Boeve^  has  conu^  1. 
singular,  1545,  su  suum  167,  278,  283,  fu  fui  263,  386,  pus 
POSTEA  29,  98,  etc.,  and  others,  Charlemagne,^  Rois,'"  Cambridge 
Psalter,^'  Tristan,^'  Auban,'^  and  fourteenth  century  writers.^^ 

O. 

Free  o  becomes  it,  o,  ou,  eu,  e,  and  uu:  amur  18,  22,  167,  173, 
286,  292,  618,  640,  706,  742,  856,  912,  baldur  768,  chalur  469, 
cidur  214,  324,  671,  937,  dolur  11, 13,  338,  (cf.  dolmre  789),  irrur 

*The  pronominal  forms  lu,  lui,  and  li,  just  given,  are  used  in  tonic  and 
atonic  position,  with  or  without  a  preposition. 

*Walberg,  pp.  vi,  vii.       ^  Stimming,  pp.  xv,  190,  192,  193,  209,  210,  237  £E. 

*  P.  193.  » P.  193.  «  Chresthomathie,  p.  137,  note  121. 
'  Walberg,  p.  Lxxxvni.  s  Stimming,  pp.  205,  209. 

•  Koschwitz,  Ueberlieferung,  p.  39.  ^"  Schlosser,    p.  53. 
1'  Harseim,  p.  303.  "  Kottiger,  p.  40. 
"Suchier,  Auban,  p.  50.                         i*  Busch,  p.  36. 


La  Folie  Tristran, 

523,  Hour  213,  983,  lu  lupum  247,  lus  lupus  504,  IwrT^'^,  90, 
253,  375,  606,  jus  deosum  478,  osturs  503,  (cf.  ostmr  873),  pe- 
schur  188,  (cf.  peschers  199),  plusurs  69,  263,  pruz  75,  smnur  400, 
911,  sennurs  76,  81,  sorter  285 ;  ore  AD  horam  17,  261,  297,  369, 
butors  496 ;  dous  duos  92,  112,  132,  134,  hour  331,  (cf.  ure  559, 
^84,  703) ;  doleure  (:  dreiture)  789,  (a  change  of  suffix  should 
•doubtless  be  considered  here),  osteur  873,  (cf.  osturs  503),  harpeur 
765,    (:    haldur)    767;    peschers    199,    (cf.  peschur    188);    suwr 

.SUDOREM  984. 

-Osus  appears  only  as  -^*s.•  amerus  710,  /tic^i^s  367,  576,  curajus 
404,  anguissus  176,  anguisus  777. 

O  before  a  palatal  becomes  oz  and  o;  cro/z  209,  558,  ^7o^2;  210, 
"920,  973,  poing  651,  (:  ^oms)  882,  poinz  960  ;  crocks  236. 

O  before  a  nasal  consonant  becomes  u  and  oit;  bricun  185,  224, 
caperun  192,  cumpaingnun  28,  garsuns  518,  ^isitns  51 7,  _peritn  277, 
i^t^me  (:  /lome)  406,  cum  68,  98,  ct^me  272,  626,  mment  175,  624, 
suspeziun  889 ;  /oitn  fetonem  278. 

Checked  o  becomes  u  and  o:  its  ostium  257,  374,  686,  jur 
92,  93,  168,  467,  728,  855,  874,  curre  70,  eurt,  1.  present,  702, 
913,  curt  COHORTEM  40,  97,  146,  251,  355,  754,  763,  832, 
S58,  furme  985,  mult  35,  pur  pro  22,  si^2  237,  277,  tut(e)  8,  10, 
14,  25,  105,  473,  502,  555,  570,  848,  900,  984,  tuz  76,  236,  605, 
664,  828,  923,  924,  ultre  ultra  800,  surt  701,  704,  urs  504 ;  mot 
371^  531,  572,  797,  834,  884,  sot  372,  asoti  183. 

O  before  a  nasal  consonant  becomes  u,  o :  nun  non  6,  (:  hum) 
365,  mime?  mundum,  (:  respunt)  284,  (:  sitn^)  663,  munde  215,  cZiine 
17,  84,  dunt  268,  270,  702,  encumbre  237,  mwns.506,  nm  6,  365, 
profunde  88,  parfunde  588,  i^m6re  238,  781,  799,  806,  unde  87, 
587,  unc  914,  unke  63,  unques  571,  572,  656  ;  nom  non  136. 

O  plus  L  before  a  consonant  becomes  u  and  ul:  duces  119,  dulce 
564. 

0  and  u  out  of  o  are  found  in  Anglo-Norman  texts,  but  u  is 
more  frequent  than  o.  Ou  also  occurs,  but  it  is  not  found  in  La 
Folie  Tristran.  Stimming  ^  has  given  the  situation  very  fully,  and 
I  cannot  do  better  than  quote  his  statement.  "  Das  franz.  o  erhielt 
im  Agn.  bekanntlich  den  Lautwert  u  und  wird  daher  in  den  meis- 

ip.  190. 


30  La  Folie  Tristran, 

ten  agn.  Handschriften  auch  vorwiegend  durch  u  wiedergegeben. 
So  fast  immer  in  der  des  Oxforder  Rolandsliedes,  des  Brandan,  des 
Cambridger  Psalters,  der  Rois,  der  Estoire  des  Engleis,  des 
Auban,  der  altesten  Handschrift  des  Chardri  und  meist  auch  in 
Ste.  Catherine.  Dagegen  wechselt  u  mit  o  in  einigen  Hand- 
schriften  des  Computus,  in  St.  Laurent,  im  Tristan  und  im  Adgar, 
ja  0  iiberwiegt  im  Adam  und  in  den  jiingeren  Handschriften  des 
Chardri.  Die  Schreibung  ou  endlich,  die  zuerst  in  der  bald  nach 
1150  verfertigten  Handschrift  L  des  Computus  in  dem  Worte 
penteeouste  v.  3305  (Mall,  S.  41)  nachgewiesen  ist  und  die  erst  seit 
dem  Anfange  des  13.  Jahrhunderts  mehr  hervortritt,  wird  bevor- 
zugt  bei  Angier,  wahrend  hier  o  nicht  so  haufig,  u  noch  seltener 
verwandt  wird  (P.  Meyer  197)  ;  ou  kommt  auch  haufig  in  der 
Handschrift  V  von  Chardri,  und  mit  Yorliebe,  allerdings  neben  o 
und  It,  in  Texten  des  14.  Jahrhunderts  vor  (Busch  23-24).^^  To 
the  citations  given  by  Stimming  should  be  added  :  Philippe,  in  the 
Bestiaire,  generally  has  mot  muttum,  as  in  Roland,  Wace,  Adam ;  ^ 
Brandan  has  u :  curs  CUESUS  609,  vus  645,  tur  1671,  etc. ;  ^  Gaimar, 
like  Brandan,  has  u :  amur,  jur,  etc. ;  ^  Brandan  has  o  also  ;  *  the 
Lois  have  u ;  ®  Fantosme  has  u,^ 

6. 

Free  5  becomes  o,  it,  ue,  uo,  uu:  note  520,  sor  280,  551,  dol 
410,  548,  587,  mor  552,  (cf  mur  168),  propre  985,  volent  73,  492  ; 
mur  168,  demurent  92 ;  quer  154,  317,  550,  835,  841 ;  quers  314; 
qaw  452  ;  fuur  forum  451. 

O  before  a  palatal  consonant  becomes  ui,  iu:  ennui  560,  (:  lui 
pronoun)  538,  nuit  60,  457,  717,  791,  795,  990,  (:  deduit)  728, 
puisj  adverb,  (:  truis)  473,  hui  559,  nuiz  92,  quis(settes)  826 ;  Uu 
181,  862,  lius  127. 

0  before  a  nasal  consonant  becomes  o,  u:  horn,  nom.  sing.,  43,^ 
145,  247,  328,  571,  578,  700,  (:  nom,  adverb)  135,  bon  74,  89, 
261,  288,  311,  407,  525,  532,  702,  991,  bone  68,  brnis  128,  196,. 
199,  359 ;  hum,  nom.  sing.,  (:  nun,  adverb)  366,  hume,  nom.  sing.,. 
135,  964. 

1  Walberg,  pp.  XLV  f .  ^yjsing,  pp.  71-72.  ^yiging,  p.  83. 
*  Vising,  p.  73.                     ^Matzke,  p.  XLVin.           ^Vising,  p.  93. 


La  Folie  Tristran.  31 

0  before  iJ  becomes  oi:  doil  169,  vml  160,  177. 

O  before  n'  becomes  m,  oi,  o :  luin  607,  bosuing  (:  poing)  652, 
loins  (:  poing)  881,  ^ori^  59. 

Checked  6  becomes  o:  col  220,  258,  266,  975,  cors  405,  417, 
fol  179,  186,  208,  224,  245,  248,  252,  265,  294,  299,  311,  318, 
320,  etc,  Joles  375, /ofe  227,  269,  313,  321,  371,  412,  485,  489, 
601,  fort  67,  100,  103,  554,/orfe  1 10, /ors  fortis  336,  ^ros  367, 
grosse  230,  hors  386,  418,  for[s]  foris  664,  mort  11,  17,  23,  424, 
553,  965,  morz  421,  port  93,  UO,  porte  109,  122,  vostre  173,  330, 
348,  360,  400,  voz  529,  826,  os  ossum  335,  337,  tost  36,  84,  529. 
As  in  French,  6  becomes  a  in  dame  230,  361,  414,  589,  595,  849, 
875,  939,  969. 

Checked  o  before  a  palatal  consonant  becomes  o ;  roche  276, 
863. 

Checked  o  plus  l  before  a  consonant  becomes  ol:  volte  869,  volt 
6,  7,  9,  20,  221,  330,  390,  477,  535,  628,  654,  660,  678,  805,  946, 
950. 

Checked  o  before  a  nasal  becomes  u  and  o ;  sunge  (:  mensunge) 
456,  respunt  79,  227,  269,  365,  385,  387,  407,  501,  573,  613, 
658,  707,  711,  896,  (:  mund  mundum)  283,  hume,  obi.  sing.,  12, 
2\b,  prudumes,  obi.  plu.,  112,  encuntre  246,  452,  Gunte{s)  compu- 
TARE  407,  486 ;  home,  obi.  sing.,  594,  (:  Eume)  405,  horn,  obi. 
sing.,  37. 

The  Anglo-Norman  result  of  the  development  of  Latin  6  ap- 
pears in  various  forms :  o,  oe,  oi,  u,  \w,  mi,  e,  oi,  ue}  Our  text 
has  0,  u,  ue,  uo,  uu.  0  is  found  in  Brandan,^  Philippe's  Bestiaire,^ 
Boeve,^  Oxford  Psalter  :  ^  w  in  Brandan,^  Boeve,^  Estorie  des  Eng- 
leis,^  Charlemagne,^  Oxford  Psalter,^^  Cambridge  Psalter,^^  Rois,^^ 
Ste.  Catherine ;  ^^  ue  in  Doomesday-Book,'*  Boeve,  rarely j^**  Oxford 
Psalter ;  ^^  fuor  is  found  in  Auban  in  rime  with  per  105,  with  des- 

1  Vising,  pp.  73,  74 ;  Mall,  p.  50  ;  Stimming,  pp.  206-208  ;  Koch,  p.  xxvin ; 
Walberg,  pp.  xlvi  f.  ;  Suchier,  Gram.,  §  28  c. 

''Vising,  pp.  73-74.  ^Walberg,  pp.  xlvi  f.  *  Stimming,  p.  207. 

5  Meister,  p.  66.         ^  Vising,  p.  73  ;  Hammer,  p.  95.  ''  Stimming,  p.  207. 

^  Stimming,  p.  208.  ^  Koschwitz,  Ueberlieferung,  p.  28. 

i^Harseim,  p.  292  ;   Meister,  p.  67.  "Schumann,  p.  34 ;  Fichte,  p.  63. 

^^Schlosser,  pp.  40-41.  ^^  Jarnik,  pp.  154-155. 

1*  Schwan-Behrens,  Gram.,  §58Anm.       ^^  Stimming,  p.  206. 
i«  Meister,  p.  66. 


82  La  Folic  Tristran, 

ploier  103  ;  quoer  occurs  in  Auban  (:  duter)  205,  (:  chevaler)  685, 
etc. ;  Alexis  L.^  has  quor,  quons.  This  uo  is  apparently  a  reten- 
tion of  the  old  written  form  uo  for  later  ue,  but  with  the  phonetic 
value  of  the  latter. 

The  interchange  of  o  aud  u  before  a  nasal  consonant  is  not  un- 
known in  Anglo-Norman  texts.  It  is  found  in  Boeve/  Philippe's 
Bestiaire/  and  others. 

Oil  out  of  6  plus  jJ  occurs  in  Brandan/  Boeve.* 

Liu  LOCUM  occurs  in  Chardry :  Petit  Plet  76,  Brandan,^  Mon- 
tebourg  Psalter,  Cambridge  Psalter,  Rois,  Roland,  Alexis  114% 
Adgar,  Wace.^  Suchier  gives  also,  as  Norman  and  Anglo-Norman 
occurrences,  lieu  Rois,  leu  Cambridge  Psalter,  Rois,  Gaimar,  Guil- 
laume  le  Clerc.     These  last  two  forms  do  not  occur  in  our  text. 

Loins  and  luins  occur  in  Chardry.^ 

Tj. 

Free  and  checked  u  remain  as  u :  aventure  394,  custume  98,  536, 
dure  554,  grues,  491,  hour  augurium  331,  dreiture  790,  mur  107, 
nu  39,  nues  492,  nuez  303,  plus  24,  sus  141,  299,  685,  treu  tri- 
BUTUM  330,  un  92,  99,  188,  190,  192,  194,  211,  219,  261,  409, 
etc.,  une  7,  9,  109,  135,  155,  189,  219,  229,  230,  271,  etc.,  uns 
265,  unes  203,  velu  velutum  242,  243,  nul  135,  158,  182,  406, 
451,  571,  579,  580,  660,  889,  nuls  43. 

U  plus  a  palatal  consonant  becomes  ui :  deduit  532,  (:  nuit)  727, 
792,  anguisse  841,  938,  dedure  535.  Puditum  appears  as  pute 
739andpm7e  921. 


1  Suchier,  Oram.,  §  28c.  ^gtimming,  pp.  192,  209. 

3  Walberg,  p.  XLvn.  *  Vising,  p.  74.  ^  gtimming,  p.  207. 

•Vising,  p.  76.  'Suchier,  Gram.,  §  32c.  sRoch,  p.  xxviii. 


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36  La  Folie  Tristan. 

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La  Folie  Tristran,  37 

Vetter,  F. — La  Ugende  de  Tristran  d'aprls  le  pohne  frangais  de 
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1866. 


Erratum. — Eead    Mont^boiirg    Psalter    for    Montauban  Psalter  which  is 
referred  to  in  various  places  in  the  preceding  pages. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


In  addition  to  the  usual  grammatical  abbreviations  the  follow- 
ing are  used : 

Afr.  Bibl. — Altfranzosische  BiUiotheh.     Heilbronn-Leipzig. 

Aus.  u.  Ab. — Ausgahen  und  Ahhandlungen.     Marburg. 

Bibl.  Nor. — BiUiotheca  Normannica.     Halle. 

Fr.  Stud. — Franzosische  Studien.     Heilbronn. 

Gr.  G-r. — Grundriss  der  romanischen  Philologie,  hrsg.  von  G-. 
Grober,  Strassburg :  1888-1897. 

H.  L.  F. — Histoire  litteraire  de  la  France.     Paris. 

Q.  u.  F. — Quellen  und  Forschungen.     Strassburg. 

Rom. — Romania.     Paris. 

Eom.  Bibl. — Romanische  BiUiotheh.     Halle. 

Eom.  Forsch. — Romanische  Forschungen.     Erlangen. 

Eom.  Stud. — Romanische  Studien.     Strassburg-Bonn. 

T.  A.  P.  A. — Transactions  of  the  American  Philological  Associ- 
ation.    Cambridge-Boston. 

Z.  f.  d.  A. — Zeitschrift  fur  deutsches  Alterthum.     Berlin. 

Z.  f.  S.  L. — Zeitschrift  fur  franzosische  Sprache  und  Litteratur, 
Berlin. 

Z.  E.  P. — Zeitschrift  fur  romanische  Philologie.     Halle. 


38 


CONTENTS  OF  THE  ENTIRE  DISSERTATION. 


Page. 

Preface ; — 

Description  of  the  Douce  Manuscript — 

The  Douce  Version  in  Literature — 

Author  and  Source — 

Date  and  Dialect — 

Synopsis — 

Phonology — 

Tonic  Vowels — 

Atonic  Vowels — 

Consonants — 

Morphology — 

KiME — 

Text — 

Notes — 

Bibliography — 

Abbreviations — 

Life — 


LIFE. 


I  was  born  in  Painesville,  Ohio.  My  preparatory  education  was 
received  in  the  public  schools  of  Humboldt,  Kansas,  and  in  the 
preparatory  department,  since  abolished,  of  the  University  of  Kan- 
sas. My  collegiate  course  was  pursued  in  the  University  of  Kan- 
sas, and  from  this  institution  I  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts.  After  graduation  several  years  were  spent  in  business,  in 
travel  and  study  abroad,  and  in  teaching  in  a  secondary  school.  In 
the  fall  of  1899  I  entered  the  graduate  department  of  The  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  where  I  have  pursued  the  following  courses : 
as  major  course,  French  Philology  and  Literature ;  as  first  subor- 
dinate course,  Spanish  Philology  and  Literature ;  as  second  subor- 
dinate course.  Philosophy.  I  have  held  the  University  Scholarship 
and  the  Fellowship  in  the  Romance  Department. 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  take  this  opportunity  to  acknowledge 
my  gratitude  and  indebtedness  to  those  instructors  who  have 
guided  my  work  since  I  entered  The  Johns  Hopkins  University : 
to  Professor  A.  Marshall  Elliott,  Associate  Professors  Edward  C. 
Armstrong  and  Philip  Ogden,  Doctors  George  C.  Keidel  and 
Murray  P.  Brush,  of  The  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Professor 
Frederick  M.  Warren,  of  Yale  University,  and  Doctor  Hugo  P. 
Thieme,  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  in  my  major  course ;  Asso- 
ciate Professor  C.  Carroll  Marden  and  Professor  Edward  H. 
Griffin,  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  in  my  first  and  second 
subordinate  courses  respectively. 

To  Professor  Elliot  I  am  under  a  special  debt  of  gratitude.  His 
scholarly  guidance  has  been  an  inspiration  at  all  times,  and  his 
uniformly  generous  and  unfailing  courtesy  has  given  a  charm  to 
my  work  which  cannot  be  forgotten. 


40 


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